Intelligent Local Grids for High PV Penetration
Abstract
There is a pressing need to accelerate the development of low-carbon energy technologies in order to address the global challenges of energy security, climate change and economic growth. Regarding the energy supply networks the focus is changing. In the past the grids of the different voltage levels and their tasks were clearly separated. Most of the system ancillary services were located at the transmission level. With more and more generation capacity connected to the medium and low voltage networks the need arises to involve these network levels in the network operation. And the focus is broadened further not only considering the network but also the connected units, from the bulk power plants, the distributed generation, storage, electric vehicles and smart, “grid friendly” household appliances. In the future smart grid scenario all system levels and all connected units will play an active part in the operation of the system. And system ancillary services will be delivered by all voltage levels (Braun, 2007). The possible change from one network level to others is shown in the table 1. Bullets are indicating that a service is provided by one network level only; circles are indicating that more than one level is or will be involved.