Comparative Nanostructuring of Silicon via Laser–PLASMA Synergy: Toward Enhanced Light Management in Photovoltaics
Abstract
This study systematically investigates laser-assisted surface structuring of n-type silicon to direct innovative textures necessary for next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Using nanosecond lasers at fluences of 1.5–5 J/cm² in cold plasma environments and ambient air, we examined the controlled formation of low- and high-spatial-frequency gratings, ripple formation, and etched structures. Laser ablation coupled with cold plasma enabled precise control for regular surface patterning by mitigating excessive energy coupling; however, ambient air promoted hydrodynamic instabilities and fracture-induced texture. Flowing gas further influenced etching dynamics and ripple stability. Raman spectroscopy confirmed meaningful alterations in the structural properties and electronic characteristics of the materials and is highly appropriate for improving the light-trapping facility, charge carrier collection, and overall quantum efficiency of PV cells.
Keywords
PV Technology, surface texturing, DBD plasma, Scanning electron microscopy, hydrodynamic instability, grating.