Real-Case Analysis of Small-Scale PV-BESS Applications Using Second-Life Li-Ion Batteries
Abstract
This study presents real-world analyses of three small-scale photovoltaic–battery energy storage systems (PV–BESS) integrating second-life batteries (SLBs) from Nissan Leaf electric vehicles: a solar streetlight, a DC refrigerator, and an EV charger. The streetlight and refrigerator were tested in off-grid operation, whereas the EV charger was evaluated in a grid-connected configuration. Comprehensive monitoring (temperature, state of charge, and electrical variables) demonstrates robust technical performance of SLBs. Economically, viability depends strongly on the load profile and the acquisition cost of storage: stable, cyclic loads (refrigeration) outperform intermittent loads (lighting). Moreover, oversizing the battery—thereby lowering depth of discharge—mitigates accelerated degradation and extends service life. Conversely, even under highly unfavorable conditions—combining elevated purchase prices and premature degradation—SLBs remained more economical than diesel-based systems. For the EV charger, under specific tariff and cost assumptions, we estimate a payback time of approximately 13 years relative to a fully on-grid configuration.
Keywords
Second life batteries, PV-BESS, real-case, economic viability, sustainability